Hello and welcome.
Several things can cause the disappearing disk space issue - a runaway log file, Gmail - notorious for downloading all mail multiple times, Time Machine local backups to your internal HD, Spotlight indexing going crazy, etc.
Since you are only running Notes, Google Chrome, Steam, and Activity Monitor (in the Dock) in your screenshot, I would lean towards a log file. I also see that you have updates available for Adobe Creative Cloud in the menu bar.
The multiple instances of Google Chrome Helper are normal. Chrome launches an instance each time a new tab/window is opened so that if one window crashes, it doesn't take down Chrome as a whole. So, you can ignore that, and/or use Safari instead.
I suggest downloading, installing, and running an app called
GrandPerspective. It will analyze your HD and show you a visual representation of all of the files on your HD by file size. We can then identify which file(s) are eating up your free space and go from there.
C